When was female circumcision banned in egypt

An anthropological perspective. Book Google Scholar. Walley CJ. Searching for "voices": Feminism, anthropology, and the global debate over female genital operations.

Rajadurai H, Igras S. Assaad MB. Female circumcision in Egypt: social implications, current research, and prospects for change. Stud Fam Plan. Socio-cultural dynamics of female genital cutting: research findings, gaps, and directions. Cult Health Sex. Hicks EK. Female mutilation in Islamic northeastern Africa.

Transaction: New Brunswick, NJ; Almroth, L. Epstein CF: Great divides: the cultural, cognitive, and social bases of the global subordination of women.

Gruenbaum E: Sexuality issues in the movement to abolish female genital cutting in Sudan. Female genital cutting and coming of age in Guinea. Shell-Duncan B: The medicalization of female "circumcision": harm reduction or promotion of a dangerous practice?

Jejeebhoy SJ. Women's education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour. Experience from developing countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press; Population Reference Bureau: Abandoning female genital cutting. Prevalence, attitudes, and efforts to end the practice.

Washington, DC: Measure Communication; Afifi M. Women's empowerment and the intention to continue the practice of female genital cutting in Egypt. Arch Iran Med. PubMed Google Scholar. Jahan S. Human development for everyone. World Bank. World development indicators. Washington, DC: World Bank; Egyptian ever-married women's attitude toward discontinuation of female genital cutting. Singap Med J. CAS Google Scholar.

Egypt demographic and health survey El-Zanaty F, Way A. Egypt Demographic and Health Survey Egypt interim Demographic and Health Survey El-Zanaty F.

National politics as international process: the case of anti-female-genital-cutting laws. Law Soc Rev. Ajzen I: The theory of planned behavior. Lesthaeghe R, Vanderhoeft C. Ready, willing and able: a conceptualization of transitions to new behavioral forms.

In: Casterline JB, editor. The dynamics of social change. Female genital mutilation: a literature review of the current status of legislation and policies in 27 African countries and Yemen. Afr J Reprod Health. Yount KM: Like mother, like daughter? Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar.

RVR and DM contributed to the conception and design of the analysis. RVR conducted the data analysis. RVR drafted the manuscript, which was subsequently critically revised and edited by DM. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Correspondence to Ronan Van Rossem. The EDHS datafiles used in this study are de-identified and it is no longer possible to identify the participants. Therefore, no further ethics approval was required. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Weibull proportional hazard survival analysis results for age at FGM, including interaction terms between risk factors and birth cohort. Figure S1. Kaplan-Meier estimates for FGM by age, birth cohort, and region of residence. Figure S2. Figure S3. The medicalisation of FGM brings with it a new set of challenges, lending the appearance of legitimacy and safety despite the practice having no medical benefits and significant risks—including haemorrhage, chronic urinary problems and complications in childbirth.

Indeed, the girl in Assiut, whom local news sources identified as Nada Abdul Maksoud, underwent the procedure in a clinic where it was performed by a retired doctor. FGM generally involves the removal of the labia but can also include sewing up the vaginal opening and cutting or removing the clitoris. Diminishing sexual pleasure, it is viewed as a way to assure that girls remain pure. In rural areas in Egypt, husbands ask that their young brides undergo the procedure before marriage.

More than 40 percent of respondents in a survey said they believed the practice prevents women from committing adultery. Egypt continues to have one of the highest rates of FGM in the world, with 87 percent of girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 having been genitally cut, according to a survey by UNICEF.

The initiative focuses on activities such as interactive community theater, intergenerational dialogues, digital platforms and edutainment to facilitate a change in social expectations in four governorates. UNFPA also supported the Champions of Change program, designed by Plan International to combat gender inequalities and harmful practices through empowering girls and engaging boys. Community members regularly participated in education dialogues as part of the program, and girls and boys were trained to identify and challenge harmful, negative masculinities that perpetuate discrimination and inequality.

The program engaged with the community through different activities such as interactive puppet shows, as well as educational camps. Advocacy and networking sessions were also organized in Sohag and Qena aiming at equipping CDA staff with knowledge and enhancing their capacities to be advocates in their communities.

Other public activities were also held such as a march in Qena with participants carrying banners denouncing FGM. Other activities included intergenerational dialogues to bridge the gap and actively involve young people and women, to discuss FGM and early marriage with traditional and religious leaders, as well as symposiums on FGM. A number of awareness sessions on the harms of FGM and early marriage were organized for women by Champions of Change participants with the support of CDAs.

Competitions were also organized in Qena to encourage girls to conduct researches on FGM and early marriage. Give Now. Click to expand Image. Stricter penalties for female genital mutilation in Egypt now reflect the horrific and potentially deadly consequences of this discriminatory practice. But broader law reform is needed to adequately combat this horrific practice, and all such laws should be enforced to protect tens of thousands of girls at risk. Rothna Begum.

Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.